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Culture Smart: The Musical Scale Across Cultures

by Your friends at OIC on November 24, 2013

Children learning to play the violin, symbolizing the different musical scales across cultures

Learning to play different styles of music

Tonal Patterns and Changing Intervals

When you first learn to play an instrument, the first series of notes taught is called a scale. A scale is a series of ascending pitches, usually ending on the octave, the same note, at a higher pitch. Music from different cultures uses different intervals between the notes of an octave.

If you’ve seen The Sound of Music, you know the Western music major scale: do, re, mi, fa, so la, ti, do. It consists of 7 unique notes, with the 8th note being the octave. Listen to a C Major Scale:

 

In the Middle East, the scale is also 7 unique pitches plus the octave, but it differs by several notes from the Western scale. A common song using the Middle Eastern scale is Hava Nagila. Listen to a C Middle Eastern scale:

 

Unlike the other two, the Chinese scale has only 5 pitches. Most Chinese folk tunes can be played using just the black keys on the keyboard. Listen to a C Chinese Scale:

 

Starting on C, the middle key of the piano, typically called Middle C, this chart shows the actual notes played on each scale:

Music-Chart-2

There are several theories on why different musical scales were devised in different cultures. One is that scales are derived from the sounds made by the language spoken and the tonality of pronunciation. Another has to do with religion and superstition determining the number of notes (5 being lucky in Asian culture and 7 in Greek) and the intervals.

Hear music from all over the world at the World Music Network.

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 Image © iStockphoto

The Harmony of Hope: Tsunami Violins

by Janine Boylan on November 18, 2013

Tsunami violins illustrate cross-cultural contributions on the path to healing (Design by Muneyuki Nakazawa)

Muneyuki Nakazawa’s tsunami violins,
each with a solitary pine tree painted on its back.
Image courtesy of Classic for Japan Foundation

Healing with Cross-Cultural Contributions

If music is healing, then it follows that violins can also bring healing.

Master luthier Muneyuki Nakazawa has constructed two violins with the goal of bringing harmony and healing to a devastated Japanese community.

Moving from Disaster

After the 8.9 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami in March of 2011, Nakazawa felt that he needed to do something for his community.

He visited the ruined shores of the city of Rikuzentakata, Japan, strewn with broken trees that had been ripped from the ground.

Nakazawa (right), with piles of wood for tsunami violins, illustrating the cross-cultural contributions on the path to healing (Image courtesy of Classic for Japan Foundation)

Nakazawa (right) at Rikuzentakata, with piles of wood broken by the tsunami.
Image courtesy of Classic for Japan Foundation

He couldn’t help but notice that a single miracle pine stood in the spot on the beach where nearly 70,000 pine trees had been rooted before the disaster.

Solitary pine tree, symbol for tsunami violins, illustrating cross-cultural contributions on the path to healing (Image by Takata Matsubara)

solitary pine tree
Image by Takata Matsubara

He had his “Oh, I see” moment: he would build violins from the splintered wood. Nakazawa worked with several local experts to choose and collect wood from the piles of rubble. Then he took the wood back to his shop where, over the next several months, he crafted the pieces into violins.

On the back of each, he painted the miracle pine, as a symbol of hope and continued life.

Muneyuki Nakazawa making tsunami violin, illustrating cross-cultural contributions on the path to healing (Image courtesy of Classic for Japan Foundation)

Muneyuki Nakazawa carves a tsunami violin.
Image courtesy of Classic for Japan Foundation

Continuing the Plan

But Nakazawa’s idea didn’t stop there.

Inspired by the Japanese tradition of folding 1,000 paper cranes to fulfill a wish, Nakazawa’s dream was to have the violins played by 1,000 people around the world. Taizo Oba worked with him to launch the project, named “The Bond Made of 1,000 Tones.”

In an interview with Yoree Koh of Wall Street Journal’s blog Japan Real Time, Nakazawa explains,

This isn’t a violin meant to play big concertos in a large concert hall. That should be left to other violins. I wanted to make a tender sounding violin that consoles people. This is a violin for the people in the disaster zones, for people who have grieved over lost loved ones and for the souls of those who died from this tragedy.

The project encourages anyone who wishes to play one of the instruments, young or old, experienced or amateur, to apply.

The Tour

Exactly one year after the devastating storm, on March 11, 2012, Israeli violinist Ivry Gitlis debuted the first violin at a benefit concert in Rikuzentakata. An audience member recorded the moment.

If the video does not display, watch it here.

Gitlis put the music he played in the violin case and handed it along to the next artist. Each person who plays is encouraged to add to the notes in the case.

Kimiko Nakazawa with tsunami violin, illustrating cross-cultural contributions on the path to healing (Image courtesy of Classic for Japan Foundation)

Kimiko Nakazawa
Image courtesy of Classic for Japan Foundation

Since then, the two violins have been featured around the world in the hands of artists from many cultures who support the effort of healing the community.

  • Nakazawa’s wife, renowned violinist Kimiko Nakazawa has performed with the violin.
  • Cairo-born violinist Atef Halim, who is French and plays regularly in Japan, has played tsunami violins in April and October of 2013. You can hear him playing a tsunami violin in a video posted October 27 on his Facebook page.
  • The Crown Prince Naruhito of Japan played a tsunami violin in Tokyo on July 7, 2013.
  • Kevin Chen of the World Civic Orchestra played one in New York City on June 9, 2013.
  • Juilliard graduate Erika Mitsui played a tsunami violin at the Japan Society in New York City on March 11, 2013. She was the 119th violinist to play the instrument.
  • The first duets of the violins were performed by Adrian Justus and his teacher, Mexico-based Japanese violinist Yuriko Kuronuma in January 2013.
  • French violinist Gérard Poulet played the violin in Tokyo in August 2012.
Gérard Poulet plays a tsunami violin, illustrating cross-cultural contributions on the path to healing (Image by Minoru Watanabe)

Gérard Poulet
Image by Minoru Watanabe

Moving into The Future

At the end of October, the violins were played inside the world’s first inflatable concert hall, a purple balloon-like structure called Ark Nova, in the hard-struck city of Matsushima, Japan. This partnership of violins and concert hall can travel to many of the other areas struck by the 2011 storm and help give the people a respite from the rebuilding that is still happening around them.

Nakazawa shared with The Japan Times,“The rebirth of (driftwood into) the two small violins can continue conveying what happened on March 11 beyond this generation.” He imagines that it will take years to fulfill his dream of 1,000 tones.

Violins built of broken wood, played by cross-cultural artists around the globe, are bringing a harmony of hope that is sure to continue for decades.

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Josh Humphrey: Making Music with Reclaimed Wood

by Janine Boylan on September 2, 2013

Luthier Josh Humphrey in his workshop where his creative process turns into handmade guitars. (Image © Josh Humphrey)

Josh Humphrey in his shop
© Josh Humphrey

A Luthier’s Creative Process

Creative handmade guitar, crafted from reclaimed redwood, is the result of Josh Humphrey's creative process. (Image © Josh Humphrey)

Guitar, made from reclaimed redwood
© Josh Humphrey

In Josh Humphrey‘s hands, a weathered piece of redwood from a dilapidated shack is transformed into the caramel-colored face of a one-of-a-kind guitar.

Humphrey is a luthier, a craftsman who makes stringed instruments.

The 20-string Raja guitar, pictured on the right, is one of the many unique pieces he has crafted from reclaimed and other local woods.

How did he become a luthier? It took his dad’s business, heavy rock music, and an apple tree, with several Oh, I see moments along the way.

Dad’s Business

During his teenage years, Humphrey’s dad owned a wood and tool shop. Humphrey was set free to do what he wanted there. It was, as he says, his “play area with power tools.”

Heavy Rock Music

At fourteen, Humphrey started playing the electric guitar. Rock band was a blast—everyone played equally poorly, and they all were having loads of fun. He studied and played experimental heavy metal music throughout undergraduate and graduate school.

And then, after earning his master’s degree in electro-musical composition, Humphrey had an Oh, I see moment: he was done with computerized music. He wanted to focus on raw, unplugged, acoustical music.

Creative handmade banjo, made from apple wood, is the result of Josh Humphrey's creative process. (Image © Josh Humphrey)

Back of a banjo, made from apple wood
© Josh Humphrey

During college, Humphrey had read about musicians who had made their own instruments. He decided to try it. He read some books, talked to some friends, and started cutting.

He had another Oh, I see moment during the creative process of that first handmade guitar. He says he finally felt “like a duck in water” because instrument-making brought together his two passions: music and woodworking.

The Apple Tree

Not long after that, as a friend was helping him clear a dying one-hundred-year-old apple tree from his backyard, Humphrey said “Oh, I see” again. The apple wood was so unique—he realized he needed to use it to build his instruments.

There was enough wood from that tree to fill a truck. Humphrey has used it in five or six instruments so far, including the banjo on the right. And it inspired him to seek out local and reclaimed wood for his other pieces.

A Mahogany Table

As his business grew, Humphrey received more and more commissions. A musician offered him a dusty old mahogany tabletop he had in his basement.

Humphrey went and looked at the piece. He quickly saw past the glass ring stains on its surface and realized that this three-inch-thick piece of wood was a real treasure.

So he brought it back to his shop and included it in the banjola he was making for the man.

“Mahogany,” he explains, “is a rich brown. On that banjola, right where you put your thumb, there was a streak of color—a crimson swirl. Mahogany is never streaked, so it was a miraculous color.”

He continues, “With reclaimed wood, you never know what you are going to get.”

His Creative Process

Creative handmade oud, made from reclaimed wood. (Image © Josh Humphrey)

Oud, made from the apple tree
© Josh Humphrey

This self-taught luthier isn’t just satisfied with making typical instruments. Instead, he meticulously constructs bowl-shaped ouds, round-faced koras, nautialtas with side sound holes, and many more unique stringed instruments.

“My favorite instrument,” Humphrey shares, “is anything that is new and different—like a piece I can create with an extra neck with extra strings.”

Humphrey says he was trained by the best possible method—doing repairs. While, at first, he was reluctant to repair pieces others had made, he soon realized what an opportunity it was.

He shares, “Every time I repair an oud, I use a mirror to look inside and see how it was constructed. I measure all the parts to learn how it was put together.” Then he uses what he learns in his own pieces.

Putting the Pieces Together

It takes about five years for a freshly-cut tree to dry before it can be crafted. One advantage to working with reclaimed wood, Humphrey explains,  is that “it was a beam in a building for years, so it is dry.” Nevertheless, once he cuts the reclaimed wood, he still has to wait a few months more for it to dry before he can work with it.

The video below shows Humphrey at work, both in the wood shop and playing the background music. This instrument was constructed over four weeks.

If the video does not display, watch it here.

For seven years now, Josh Humphrey has been crafting handmade guitars and other pieces. He says he has found his calling, and, he adds with absolute certainty, “I want to spend my time doing this.”

Josh Humphrey’s work was on display at the Portland International Airport in the spring of 2013 and will be on display at Urban Lumber Gallery in downtown Eugene in October 2013. You can also see his work on his Facebook page.

Humphrey is a member of the Guild of American Luthiers and Mandolin Cafe, where you can learn more about the luthier craft. 

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