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Cultural Encounters with a Competitive Edge

by Meredith Mullins on August 12, 2019

Bullfrog who is part of one of the most bizarre competitions in the world and also a part of the cultural encounters of competitions around the world. (Image ©

Is this the celebrated jumping frog of Calaveras County?
© iStock/Stevelenzphoto

Five of the Most Fascinating Competitions in the World

Grab your frog, your worm, your spouse, your crying baby, your cheese-chasing outfit, your cherry pits, your cockroaches, and your mustache wax.

Let the games begin.

From Calaveras frog jumping, to British cheese chasing, to Japanese baby crying, to Finnish wife carrying, to Indian mustache competitions, it’s time for some competitive cultural encounters.

What is it that drives us to compete . . . besides that thrill of victory? And, more to the point, what is it that drives us to compete in competitions unique to our cultures?

Most competitors in these kinds of contests say the same thing: it’s just fun.

But it may also be the cultural connection. Often, the competition is part of a country’s traditions and customs, shared with pride.

We will leave cherry pit spitting, worm charming, and cockroach racing for another day and focus here on an OIC Moments introduction to five of the world’s most fascinating competitions.

Hip hop at its best
Courtesy of Frogtown

A Hip Hop Dream: The Calaveras Frog Jumping Competition

Mark Twain made this competition famous in his first well-known short story, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,” based on a tale he heard in a bar in Angel’s Camp, California during the gold rush.

A bar bet was offered that the jumping frog “Dan’l Webster” could outjump any frog around. A city slicker visitor took the bet and, while Dan’l Webster’s owner went to get the city slicker a frog to compete, the visitor filled Dan’l Webster with buckshot.

When the race started, Dan’l Webster was, as Mark Twain described, “planted like a building.” He was so heavy he could not jump. So the city slicker’s frog won the race and the $40 bet.

Fast forward to the present, where, each May in Angel’s Camp (since 1928), the frog jumping competition continues (minus the buckshot).

Frogs, like current champion Rosie the Ribeter (holding the world record since 1986 of nearly 22 inches), Jumping Jack Flash, E. Davey Croakett, Springs, You Can Croak, San Francisco Warty Niners, and Will B Happening, compete to jump the farthest, cheered on and guided by their frog jockeys.

Slum Frog Millionaire may hold the record for the worst jump, says his frog jockey.
© Merita Callaway

The frogs rest at the “frog spa” until it’s their turn to race. Then they are placed on a small green faux lily pad. They must start with all four feet (including toes) on this “launch” pad.

The next three hops are what count, and must be completed within one minute.

The frog jockeys, naturally, want their frogs to jump in a straight line. However, frogs have their own idea about how, where, and when to hop, making the competition a bit unpredictable.

Some frogs just sit (an homage to Dan’l Webster?), even though their jockeys are yelling, pounding on the stage, and doing anything they can think of to motivate their frog.

How do you motivate a frog?
Courtesy of Frogtown

Some frogs place height rather than distance as a priority, and some make a good first jump but then zig zag or U-turn resulting in a short measurement or even a negative distance.

If a frog breaks Rosie the Ribeter’s world record, an additional $5,000 is part of the prize. However, no recent frog has come close to the 1986 record.

So . . .  search for that perfect frog from that secret place for the 2020 competition and begin the training regime. And don’t worry . . . be hoppy.

Don’t worry . . . be hoppy.
© Merita Callaway

Extreme Cheese

What better way to welcome spring than to tumble down a steep hill in pursuit of a wheel of Double Gloucester cheese?

The annual Cooper’s Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake in the Gloucestershire, England countryside attracts locals as well as daredevils (or cheeselovers?) from around the world.

The competition, which is thought to have begun long ago as a pagan rite of spring, has been popular since the 1800s and was first mentioned in writing in 1826.

The thrill must be in the “journey,” not the “destination,” since no one ever catches the cheese. The Double Gloucester gets a head start and is heavy enough to reach speeds of up to 70 miles per hour.

Chasing the cheese on Cooper’s Hill
© iStock/Raylipscombe

The contestants, on the other hand, slide, stumble, dive, somersault, flip, fly, and bounce like rubber balls down Cooper’s Hill—like toy humans whose owners should know better than to hurl their breakable bodies down such a steep slope.

Every year, there are injuries such as fractured bones, bruises, sprains, dislocations, and torn muscles. But everyone seems to have a good time, in spite of the inherent danger. If it’s misty or raining (as it often is in the Cotswolds), the steep hill becomes even more challenging.

Not only do the competitors have to scramble down the hill in pursuit of the cheese, they have to claw their way up the hill to position themselves for the start of the race.

The competition is so wrought with injuries that the official competition was closed in 2010. The rogue competition continues.

If video does not display, watch it here.

The winner is awarded the wheel of Double Gloucester cheese—made by the same cheesemaker for the past 30+ years). (It is interesting to note that during WW II rationing, the competition used a wooden cheese with a tiny bit of real cheese in the center.)

What is the secret to success? As one of the past winners offered, “If you go fast from the beginning, the hill will do the rest.”

What seems to work best is a basic philosophy of reckless abandon.

The baby crying brings good health, according to Japanese tradition.
© iStock/Masaru123

Why Would You Want To Make a Baby Cry?

The Naki Sumo baby crying competition has the answer to why it’s not cruel to make a baby cry—and why a parent pays $150 to enter a baby in this competition.

In the case of this 400-year-old Japanese tradition, the baby’s cries ward off evil spirits as well as portending good health for the baby who breaks into tears first. (A rare instance where being good natured doesn’t count for much.)

The calm before the crying storm at the Sensoji Temple in Tokyo
© iStock/Nanostockk

The April competition takes place at several Japanese shrines, but the most famous event is at the Sensoji Temple in Tokyo.

Babies compete in pairs and are held by sumo wrestlers who are, on their own, some might say a bit scary. But it is up to the sumo referee to incorporate clever scare tactics to get the babies to cry.

The referee can wear a mask (often the bird demon tengu), can shout, or can just yell Nake Nake (Cry! Cry!).

The first baby to cry is the winner. If the babies cry at the same time, the loudest crier is the winner.

If video does not display, watch it here.

Strength and Endurance in Wife Carrying

Some competitors in the Wife-Carrying Competition seem to think its Finnish origin is because, after a long dark winter, people just want to go a bit crazy.

Wife Carrying gains popularity.
© Nick Lambert/Sunday River Resort

Others believe the tradition of Wife Carrying has deep roots in local history. In the Finnish legend, “Ronkainen the Robber,” a gang of men pillage villages and carry the women off on their backs to marry them.

Today, in Sonkajärvi, Finland, the Wife-Carrying Competition takes place on a 278-yard obstacle course that is said to be the distance needed to be safe from these pursuers of yore.

The man carries the woman through the course on a sand track with several obstacles, including waist-high water.

A challenging obstacle course makes wife carrying more difficult than you might think.
© Nick Lambert/Sunday River Resort

The woman doesn’t have to be the wife of the man. The man can convince his wife, “steal a wife” (or so say the organizers), or select any woman who is willing to be carried through an obstacle course on his back.

The woman must be at least 18 years of age and weigh at least 108 pounds (although these rules may differ depending on the country of the competition). Some competitions require helmets for the women; some do not.

The winner receives the trophy, as well as the “wife’s” weight in beer. Awards are also given to the most entertaining couple, the best costume, and the strongest carrier.

Wife Carrying is gaining popularity around the world. Competitions are also held in North America, Poland, Australia, China, and England.

Mustache competition contenders
© Meredith Mullins

Mustache Magnificence

There are mustache and beard competitions around the world, where categories like most creative beard, most realistic mustache, most Dali-esque mustache, best Fu Manchu, best sideburns, and fullest beard are in the spotlight. Countries vie to be the next facial hair leader.

For a different kind of contest, we travel to India and the mustache competition at the Pushkar Camel Fair, where length, creativity, and volume are the focus of attention.

Men grow their mustaches for years in anticipation of entering the competition. They arrive with their mustaches tightly coiled or carefully woven, so that they can unfurl them dramatically for the crowds.

A winner
© Meredith Mullins

Some swing their mustaches like lassos. Some raise their arms triumphantly, mustache ends in each hand. Some just strut and smile because they know their mustaches are enviable. They don’t need to win a prize to tell them that.

Each year that these unique competitions occur, they become more embedded in the culture’s customs and traditions. Yes, everyone is there to have fun, but they’re also part of a cultural encounter, which gives them further insight into the country’s traditions. And that makes the competitions even more meaningful.

To prepare for next year’s fascinating competitions:

Calaveras Frog Jumping at Frogtown in Angel’s Camp: May 14-17, 2020

Cooper’s Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake in Gloucestershire, England: May 25, 2020

Baby Crying Competition in Tokyo, Japan: April 26, 2020 (Of course to enter this one, you have to have a baby born in 2019.)

Wife Carrying Competition in Finland: July 2020

Wife Carrying Competition in North America: October 12, 2019, Sunday River Resort

Pushkar Camel Fair in India: November 4-12, 2019

Comment on this post below, or inspire insight with your own OIC Moment here.

What IS That Thing?

by Meredith Mullins on July 29, 2019

It’s beautiful . . . but what IS that thing?
© Meredith Mullins

The Nyckelharpa: Rooted in Swedish Cultural Traditions

On Olov Johansson’s first journey to America, he remembers clearly that he stared into the eyes of wildness.

The Swedish musician was on his way to teach in a music camp in Mendocino— winding his way on a dusty, dark, dirt road in the California hills.

Suddenly the driver stopped the car. A mountain lion was commanding the center of the road.

Caught in the headlights, the animal stared curiously into the car for what seemed like, on this moonless night, a very long time.

“What IS that?” the mountain lion wondered.
© iStock/Ben Masters

Olov was certain that it was because the creature had never seen a nyckelharpist before. (In fact, surprisingly few people—or animals—have ever encountered a nyckelharpa.)

The mountain lion held his gaze into the car until, as Olov tells it, he had mentally checked off the nyckelharpa box. Then he wandered away, presumably to the next thing on his bucket list.

Olav Johansson with his nyckelharpa, showing the cultural traditions of Sweden. (Image © Sarah Thorén.)

Olov Johansson
© Sarah Thorén

The Art of Introducing the Nyckelharpa

Olov is a nyckelharpist—one of the contemporary Swedish masters of this medieval stringed instrument.

The instrument is not yet well known, as it is deeply rooted in Swedish cultural traditions. Only within the last 40 years has it become better known outside of Sweden.

Artistry and craftsmanship at its best
© Meredith Mullins

Olov brought the nyckelharpa to this year’s summer Bach Festival in Carmel, California, performing in two concerts featuring Nordic music.

At each event, even with a musically sophisticated audience, the phrase of the moment was “What IS that thing?”

Olov says that response is common. His band, Väsen, calls it the five-legged dog syndrome. They even thought of naming one of their tours the “What is that thing?” tour.

Oh, I see. Sometimes instruments steeped in local tradition take time to reach the rest of the world.

A 1350 stone carving of the nyckelharpa at the Källunge Church in Gotland, Sweden
© Olov Johansson

Cultural Traditions

The nyckelharpa story begins in the Uppland region of Sweden. The folk instrument is even pictured in a stone carving from 1350 on the Källunge Church in Gotland and in a painting from 1498 in a church outside of Uppsala.

Other early pictures have been found in countries outside of Sweden, but historians seem to agree that the instrument’s heritage is in Uppland. Nyckelharpas have been played and built in this region for the past 300 years.

The instrument was a central part of the dances, celebrations, and ceremonies, especially the Midsummer Festival.

Its lilting music was an integral part of the popular polska dances in the late 1600s and early 1700s, a tradition that continues into today’s Sweden.

Traditional dancing to the nyckelharpa at the Midsummer Festival in Sweden
© iStock/Falun

Careful Crafting Makes for Beautiful Music

This odd looking folk instrument has many names besides nyckelharpa. The simple name is keyed fiddle— to give people a visual clue— (or, literally translated, key harp).

The body of the instrument is made of spruce wood, often with fast and slow growing trees for different parts of the body (for softer and harder wood). The keys are made of birch, and the sides and pegs are maple. Each type of wood provides special characteristics for the sound and for the performance of the instrument.

Swedish spruce, birch, and maple are used in the construction of the nyckelharpa.
© Meredith Mullins

There are also sympathetic strings, which resonate when their melody string is played. The same frequency vibrates in the bridge, and the sympathetic strings say “Hey, that’s me. I’ll join in.” This provides a resonance or reverberation that makes the nyckelharpa sound unique.

The keys, played with the left hand, operate like the frets of a guitar to change the pitch of the melody strings.

The keys change the pitch of the melody strings.
© Meredith Mullins

A Nyckelharpa World Champion

So, how does a young musician get interested in playing such an unlikely instrument?

For Olov Johansson, it was the clever work of a musical family. Everyone was a musician. “Family gatherings always turned into jam sessions,” Olov remembers.

When his uncle, a nyckelharpa player, had to go to the hospital for surgery, he loaned his nyckelharpa to the Johansson household. Shortly thereafter, a permanent nyckelharpa became part of the family. Olov was 14, but he knew he had found his instrument.

In 1990, the first Nyckelharpa World Championship took place in Sweden, and Olov was invited to compete. He was young and not favored to win, but the jury was awed by his talent. He became the first World Champion Nyckelharpa Player.

At the same time, his band Väsen was becoming known. It was a good start to his musical dream.

The band Väsen, Swedish folk musicians integrating modern with traditional
© Sarah Thorén

Another chapter in that dream was to find the best nyckelharpa sound.

Olov had worked in a nyckelharpa museum and had been able to play many of the historic instruments, studying what specific designs and materials worked best.

He made drawings, did research, and ultimately requested the “perfect” instrument from an expert maker in the region, Esbjörn Hogmark.

The sympathetic strings vibrate when their melody string is played.
© Meredith Mullins

Esbjörn rose to the challenge, even selecting and chopping the trees himself for the wood and creating a prototype first to make sure the design fit Olov’s body, hands, and playing style.

The new nyckelharpa takes “the best of old knowledge and traditional design together with function, modern ideas, needs, and desires,” says Olov.

He was very moved when it was completed and presented to him. Inside, there was a tiny note that said it was a gift for his 50th birthday.

The birthday note stays inside the nyckelharpa as a reminder of the maker’s generosity and talent.
© Meredith Mullins

The Importance of Music

Music is an important part of any culture. It tells the story of a place in a way that can be understood universally. Listening to the music of a country or a region or a city forges a connection that resonates within.

Because music is so universal, it is rare that an instrument and its origins are connected strongly to one country.

The bagpipes are part of Scottish culture. The harp is part of Irish culture. The balalaika is part of Russian culture.  And the nyckelharpa is part of Swedish culture.

What countries have their own “national” instrument?
© iStock/Maria Avvakumova

Even though there is little debate about the nyckelharpa’s cultural traditions, it is difficult to describe its personality.

Some say its sound is haunting and celebratory at the same time. Some say it merges the past and the future.

For me, there is a Celtic feeling, with a touch of bluegrass, blending distant cultures in a modern way.

Olov says the timbre is bright and deep at the same time. The nyckelharpa has a wide sound . . . that reaches out, as if you are playing in a cathedral (when it’s in tune, he jokes).

But, most of all, especially if you are in Uppland, it sounds like Sweden.

Listen . . . and decide for yourself.

If video does not display, watch it here.

For further information, visit he websites of Olov Johansson, Väsen, the Bach Festival, and the American Nyckelharpa Association.

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Cultural Traditions: Kushti Wrestling in India

by Meredith Mullins on July 15, 2019

The ancient art of Kushti wrestling
© Meredith Mullins

An Art “Of the Earth”

If you have run five miles, completed hundreds of pushups and squats, finished a long distance swim, and lifted a few sand bags and giant stones—all before your 6 am training session begins—you might have some of what it takes to become a Kushti wrestler.

You would also have to embrace the idea of showing your strength, endurance, and agility in a mud/clay pit that is the traditional sacred arena of this sport. This is gritty work . . . “of the earth.”

Grace, strength, agility, and endurance: a powerful combination
© Meredith Mullins

And you would, by the way, have to dedicate yourself to a life of discipline and austerity.

Does this sound appealing? Perhaps. Challenging? Definitely.

You would not find these tools at World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) training.
© Meredith Mullins

The ancient art of Indian wrestling—called Kushti or Pehlwani—is a different approach to wrestling than the images that come to mind in America when “mud wrestling” is mentioned (bikini-clad mudwomen?).

It has more artistry than the WWE vision of superstars like Hulk Hogan or Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson throwing their opponents to the mat with a thud.

Kushti wrestling is about strength, stamina, and agility. But it is also a way of life connected to India’s cultural traditions.

A graceful dance of strength and strategy
© Meredith Mullins

The Philosophy of Kushti Wrestling

For thousands of years, the Kushti training centers in India, called akharas or akhadas, have attracted boys and men from all castes. It is one of the few places where everyone is equal.

Often, the call to be a wrestler is passed down from generation to generation. A boy as young as six can start training.

Early training for children who want a path to a better life
© Meredith Mullins

For some, it is a way out of poverty, a path to becoming a professional wrestler or securing a good job.

For some, it is a way to stay fit and take pride in the power of the body and a life of discipline.

For some, it is a way to pay tribute to the god Hanuman, the god of strength and energy.

The god Hanuman keeps watch over the akhara.
© Meredith Mullins

For all who are in training, it is not an easy life. The training is not just physical, but also requires discipline in all aspects of being. Alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and paan (beetle leaves that have psychoactive properties) are all forbidden.

The Kushti diet is restrictive and protein rich—almonds, milk, eggs, butter, fruit, vegetables, and sometimes mutton (although many wrestlers are vegetarian to further purify the body).

The Kushti diet must be rich in protein to support the physicality of the sport.
© Meredith Mullins

These kinds of foods are also expensive in India, which requires a real commitment from a Kushti wrestler (and often a “day job”).

Although it is not a requirement in the contemporary world of Kushti, most of the wrestlers are celibate, so that they can focus on the training. Many live in monastery-like space at the akharas. A simple life, with sleep at 8 pm.

Kushti training takes many forms.
© Meredith Mullins

The Training

Training begins early with a run, swim, and calisthenics. At the akhara, the training tools look like medieval weapons—all designed to build strength and flexibility.

Weapons or training tools? Only the Kushti wrestler knows for sure.
© Meredith Mullins

The heavy wooden clubs, called mugdars, build arm and shoulder muscles. The gada, a stone attached to a bamboo stick, is also a weapon of the god Hanuman. Although it is a muscle builder as well, it is intimidating just as it is. It can weigh from 10 to 130 pounds.

The gada can weigh up to 130 pounds—a tool that can definitely build upper body strength.
© Meredith Mullins

The nar is a hollow stone with a handle inside that gets lifted like an ancient trophy above the head.

None of these tools would be found in a modern gym, which makes the visual story of the akhara so rich with cultural traditions.

In addition, rope climbing, weightlifting, and work on the parallel bars are all part of the daily routine.

Rope climbing builds upper body strength.
© Meredith Mullins

The Wrestling

The rounds of Kushti in the hallowed pit begin at around 6 am, with wrestlers pairing off in practice rounds of about 25 minutes, under the watchful eye of their guru.

The arena is a spiritual place, and no one but the wrestlers are allowed in. The soil (from the banks of the Ganges) is mixed like a cake with Ayurvedic oils, buttermilk, turmeric, clay, ghee (butter), neem leaf, and red ochre.

The soil needs to be soft enough to avoid injury for the wrestlers.
© Meredith Mullins

Water is added to make sure the soil is soft enough to avoid injury to the wrestlers but gritty enough to give them traction in movement.

For the wrestlers, the soil is sacred. They begin their match by rubbing some on themselves and their opponent as a blessing. It is also thought to have healing properties.

The akhara soil has spiritual and healing powers.
© Meredith Mullins

No hitting, kicking, or slapping is allowed in Kushti. The goal is to take down the opponent and pin his shoulders and hips to the ground. There are no partial points, as in some forms of wrestling. It is all about the pin. Strength. Strategy. Agility. Endurance.

The akhara guru watches to give advice on technique.
© Meredith Mullins

After the morning training, the wrestlers often cool off in the soil and get an all-important body massage from fellow wrestlers or trainees.

A cold water shower after training
© Meredith Mullins

They then wash, brush their teeth with neem branches, and, more often than not, go off to work so that they can continue to support their quest as a modern-day warrior.

Brushing the teeth with neem tree branches
© Meredith Mullins

A Dying Heritage: The Somber “Oh, I See” Moment

Despite the graceful beauty and primal energy of Kushti wrestling—as well as its practice for nearly 3000 years—this art/sport is losing popularity among the young. Contemporary forms of wrestling and modern gyms are gaining ground.

The government also has reduced funding for Kushti akharas. The few remaining training centers are struggling to survive.

A dying heritage?
© Meredith Mullins

The spirituality and grace of Kushti raise it to levels beyond just a sport. It is a mysterious, unintentionally sensual dance, punctuated with feats of strength.

It is a way of life that incorporates mind, body, and spirit in the best possible way.

Guru Jwala Tiwari of the Siyaram Akhara
© Meredith Mullins

It is national heritage . . . on the brink of being lost forever.

I, for one, am hopeful that this cultural tradition lives on.

Thank you to Guru Jwala Tiwari of the Siyaram Akhara at Mullick Ghat in Kolkata and the gurus of the Cotton Street Akhara in Kolkata.

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